Discourse Marker：
*To be honest = Tell you true something
*well...
*Actually, Basecally, Generally...
*I've never though about that befoer, but....
*That's good/ difficult question
*Let me think about that
*To begin with/ Firstly
Could you please tell me what XXX mean?
Could you please tell me the meaning of XXX?
result, outcome, consequence 均有表示結果的意思，其中result最常使用，outcome通常表示無法預知的結果，例如醫療檢查的結果等等，這時也可用result，最後consequence表後果，用在負面結果的時候居多。
result (n.)
something that happens or exists because of something else
=> 因為如何，導致的結果
She died as a result of her injuries.
The road has been widened, but the result is just more traffic.
His broken leg is the direct result of his own carelessness.
election/ sports competition/ exam/ scientific experiment/ medical test
=> 選舉/運動比賽/考試/科學實驗/醫療檢察，最終的結果
They will announce the result of the vote tonight.
the election results/ the results of the local elections
the football results
I finished my exams yesterday, but I won't know/get the results until August.
the result of an experiment
Success
=> 表示成功的結果
The team needs a result to go through to the semi-finals.
The project is beginning to show results.
outcome(n.)
a result or effect of an action, situation or event
=> 事情演變的結果，強調不可預知的，待見分曉的結果(也可用result)
It's too early to predict the outcome of the meeting.
We are waiting to hear the final outcome of the negotiations.
consequence (n.)
a result of a particular action or situation, often one which is bad or not convenient
=> 後果，種什麼因得什麼果，強調必然的邏輯關聯 (語用常為負面、不好的惡果)
If you insist on eating so much, you'll have to take/suffer/face the consequences.
Two hundred people lost their jobs as a direct consequence of the merger.
(n.) importance or relevance.
=> 重要性
The money was of no consequence to Tony.
參考來源：
http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/result_1?q=result
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/
http://bulo.hujiang.com/question/181965/
http://www.360doc.com/content/11/0510/16/6305072_115729148.shtml
Difference between “result”, “consequence”, “outcome”
來源：http://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/7263/difference-between-result-consequence-outcome
Consequence almost always carries a suggestion of something potentially or actually negative. One would not expect some one to say, "as a consequence of your work ethic over the past month, you are getting a promotion!" One does not generally want to "face the consequences" as it's not likely to be a good thing.
Result and outcome are more alike, in that there is no implied negativity.
Result is more commonly used in regular conversation, and is most appropriate in referring to what are the effects of some actions. So "the result of your diligent study was a good grade on the test."
Outcome is most commonly used in technical settings, and has a more specific meaning relating to the final observed results in a study or at the end of an observational period. For instance: "placing an IV immediately upon admittance to the ER often results in shorter ER stays, but is not necessarily correlated with positive patient outcomes based upon primary provider follow-up and patient surveys."
As another example, the result of raising prices might be higher profit margins, but the outcome of a pricing strategy may be less profit from a reduced number of sales.
When in doubt, use result because it implies the least. When you want to imply something negative, or potentially negative, use consequence. Reserve outcome for formal, technical discussions.
1.打通耳朵 完全聽清
每天集中精神一口氣把一捲英語錄音帶聽兩遍
對每個單子的發音都能清楚,即使意思拼法不懂
直到可以完整聽到全部再到下一階段
堅持天天聽,每六天休息一天完全不碰英文
2.聽寫並重 熟練發音
聽一句寫一句,反覆聽直到完全聽清一句
不會拼的單字最後再確認拼法
聽寫練習完後,重頭到尾大聲朗讀
錄音可矯正發音,發現進步
直到朗朗上口接近美式發音再到下一階段
要天天練習,每週休息一天完全不碰英文
3.擅用辭典 大聲朗讀
用英英字典查之前不懂的單字,要堅持查到沒有不懂的單字為止
把單字的解釋和例句抄下來後大聲朗讀,到完全熟透為止
查一小時,朗讀一小時,每天約兩小時
直到感覺無需再查字典了,字彙量與用法都有一定的了解了,再到下一階段
要天天練習,每週休息一天
4.聲相結合 活化英語
找一部沒有字幕電影,最好是現代日常生活的那種
每天看一遍直到完全聽清
然後開始聽寫練習與朗讀
不清楚的單字用英英字典查詢並朗讀
已到自我領悟的階段,感情與語言融合,隨心與人暢談,第二母語
盡量多看多說,建立自己資料庫,再到下一階段
5.文化融通 全盤掌握
找一份在美國發行的英文報紙,時事英語
挑一篇短文,約1~2分鐘就能唸完的
然後不斷地大聲朗讀,堅持到完全消化為止
然後不看報紙再把它像講故事一樣複述
反覆練習直到流順通暢為止
看完依個版面所有文章後,再利用之前英英字典的方式查單字
一天可能要練習各4~5個小時
重新構築大腦的語言體系
用英文思考英文
《千萬別學英語》
* 作者：鄭贊容 * 譯者：李貞嬌
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am interested in applying for the managing consultant position you have posted on your Web site. I believe that my background and experience make me an attractive candidate for your consideration.
After graduating from State University, I founded a small computer graphic-design company, Online Style. This company became increasingly successful over the years. I hold 65 percent of the shares and continue on its board of directors as chairperson, although I have relinquished my position as general manager and stepped down as CEO.
The agency I now direct, Business First, Provides consulting services for companies interested in improving the effectiveness of their advertising. Despite the success of this new business venture, I am seeking at this time to relocate to Venice for personal reasons.
As you can see from the enclosed resume, I have a board background in business development and marketing as well as advertising. Because of my diverse experience, I have developed strong skills in financial consulting. I have also acquired expertise in designing presentations for large audiences and planning successful business meetings.
I believe my skills and abilities fit the description of the person you are seeking. While I am knowledgeable about general business issues in both the domestic and international arenas, I will want to thoroughly understand those that are unique to your business, and I am confident that I can do so rapidly. One of your requirements, maintaining good community relations, happens to be one of my greatest strengths. I would be happy to provide you with names of people who can personally testify to this.
I would welcome the opportunity to discuss how my skills could benefit your organization. Please find my telephone number and e-mail address in my resume. I look forward to hearing from you.
Sincerely,
Estelle Juti
Take the rough with the smooth.
We should accept that life has its rough times and its good times.
It's sad to grow old, but nice to ripen.
We only live once— but if we work it right, once is enough.
The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.
Advice when most needed is least heeded.
The man who makes mistakes does not usually make anything.
Birds of a feather flock together.
Idleness is the rust of the mind.
It is more blessed to give than to receive.
Love blinds all men alike, both the reasonable and foolish.
Love does not consist in gazing at each other but in looking together in the same direction.
Men always want to be a woman's first love; women like to be a man's last romance.
Out of sight, out of mind.
@英文活用嘉言諺語選
作者簡介：現任政治大學英文系兼任副教授，教授新聞英語──聽力及客家文化概論。曾任政大公企中心語言組主任，政大英文系主任。專長科目：新聞語──聽力，商用英文，客家文化。致力客家運動十餘年，著有《心懷客家》雜文集（www3.nccu.edu.tw/~pcc/）。 現為公視客家諮詢委員，客家雜誌編輯委員。
ICRT是為在台的外僑--尤其是美籍人士--而設。全天廿四小時分FM和AM以英語播音 ，每小時有整點新聞，每半小時有新聞提要，其中整點新聞又以早上七點到八點最詳盡，中午十二點到十二點半，下午六點到八點半的新聞也相當豐富，重要的新聞會一再重播。只要買台收音機，在家裡，路上，車上隨時隨地都可以收聽，可謂方便至極。另外，播出的新聞都是國內外大事，聽起來較錄音帶教材或廣播教教學教材要來得有真實感，學得的單字也較實用，不容易忘記。
問題是，許多人初聽 ICRT 新聞，就被播報員的播報速度給嚇壞了，認為要聽懂它簡直是不可能的事，於是聽了幾次後便放棄了。也有人認為只要每天把收音機固定在 ICRT 頻道上．整天"浸泡"在 ICRT 節目中，經過潛移默化，不知不覺就會聽懂。許多人聽了多年，音樂聽了不少，但對播報的新聞內容仍然是「有聽沒有懂」。原因到底何在？一言以蔽之 ，「不用心」而已。
（一）重實輕虛：英語是節奏性很高的語言，據學者統計，口說英語中，約每0.6秒出現一強音。一般說來 ，英語的實字(content words)要唸強，實字包括名詞，動詞，形容詞，副詞；虛字(function words)唸弱，虛字包括冠詞，介詞，助動詞，連接詞，代名詞。所以下列兩個句子，儘管字數相差將近一倍，但是唸起來花的時間卻一樣多。
The cat is interested in protecting its kittens.
第一句的強音落在 cat, interested中的in, protecting中的pro及kitten中的kit上；第二句則全部強音。
San Mao won great fame through her essays and novels on love and her travel experiences through the world. 劃底線部分均屬虛字，都被極快速度模糊帶過，如her的[h]和and的[d]音幾乎都不發出。
San Mao won great fame/through her essays and novels on love/and her travel experiences through the world./ 國人學英語習慣逐字聽，因此遇到一口氣吐出成推的字便無法適應。
When the President was asked / that Hau’s lack of financial and economic background will be a problem for the new premier. / Lee responded by saying / the general is much more intelligent /than everyone thinks./
Other than the romance novelist Tsung Yao, San Mao is probably the only writer that has successfully penetrated the hearts of youngsters in mainland China. 說者在Tsung Yao後一定會稍停頓並以22→ non-final的語調說出,而that子句在本句子係限制子句，所以在writer與that之間也是non-final的語調，且中間頓挫是極短促的。
Taro Ishibahi, who is the director of loan aid at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, said in an interview that Pakistan could default on its debt because of the impact of the Gulf crisis.
The man was told he would have to take his daughter away. He complained. However, the KTVs have become venues for family amusement in Taipei. 三個簡單的句子，聽起來不會太難，但是，第二句的however不注意的話，很容易聽成引起第三句的連接副詞，意思就不同了。
When the scaffolding began to shake, he unfastened his safety belt to try to escape.
（五）拍打音現象(The Flap)：口說英語中還有拍打音的現象，就是 [t]、[d]前後都是母音時，[t] [d] 便成拍打音，幾乎發[l]音，如little, important, mountain, couldn’t, didn’t, medal, middle, battle, forget it, not at all等的[t]、[d]音幾乎變成[l] 音，這類字出現在新聞報導的頻率相當高，也是需要多加練習。
（六）字尾「有發無聲」的子音（Non-released final consonants）：英語的子音，如[b ][p] [d][t][g][k][f][v][m][n][ng]常出現在單字的字尾，英美人士念這些子音時通常都是「有發無聲」，即發音動作有做，但聲音不釋放出來，像mob, mop, lid, lit, bag, bark, life, live, Tim, tin, sin, sing等。國語字沒有以[d] [g] [m] 結尾的現象，但閩南話及客家話仍然保有漢語中古音促音現象，如客語「法律學」的發音為fab lid hog，閩南話「學習律」的發音為hag xib lud 皆是。另外， 客語與閩南語的「心」皆念xim。英語「有發無聲」的子音非常多，國人學英語重每字都要發得字正腔圓，但英美人士對字尾的子音用「有發無聲」方式處理，如 mop mob；sat sad； see seat seed； today to date； weigh weight；armed robbery； debt dodger； make a comeback； as planned；as scheduled； port pork等都會造成聽力的問題。
（七）省略音(Ellipsis)：口說英語中另外一個現象是：兩個音節的字，重音節前的母音常常會省略。如 b(e)cause p(o)lite (a)bout p (o)lice b(e)lieve m(i)stake r(e)ceive d (e)mand 。三音節以上的字則以重音節前後的母音省略。如 d (e)licious b(a)nana chem(i)cal pract(i)cal terr(i)ble choc(o)late bus(i)ness prob(a)bly int(e)resting fam(i)ly fact(o)ry ord(i)nary s(u)ppose gas(o)line fav(o)rite cam(e)ra
（一）結構固定：平面媒體英文的第一段稱為導言(lead)，回答who、 when、 where、 why 、what、 how 等問題。廣播新聞英語第一句通常是主旨句，而後以回答前述的六個Ｗ方式發展。如 The Ilan City Government’s said enough is enough in its 13-day garbage war with the Ilan County Government. Overflowing with trash and fed up with the county’s foot-dragging on finding a site for a new garbage dump, city garbage men have dumped 11 big trucks packed with wet stinking refuse on the plaza in front of the county office building. City officials say the problem is not theirs any more. It’s up to the county to take out the trash.在第一句主題句出現後，藉著回答六個Ｗ的方式，將細節交代清楚。
（二）口語化：現代報紙雜誌英文的文章都盡量淺顯，廣播新聞英語更是如此，以上則報導為例，三言兩語把宜蘭市政府和縣政府垃圾之爭交代得很清楚又傳神，enough is enough, overflowing with, fed up with, foot-dragging, packed with, up to等都是非常口語化的字詞。
Shevardnadze’s warning the dictatorship is coming to the Soviet Union and that if it comes no one can say who would become the dictator.
Shevardnadze’s及Shevardnadze is的省略，warning後有兩個that子句當受詞，第一個that省掉了。聽者常把省略字誤聽為所有格，或常因省略某些字無法充分掌握句子，也是聽力困擾的原因之一。
（四）簡短：理論上說，新聞英語的用字和句子應力求簡短(Keep it short and simple.) 尤其是單字，不宜用艱澀的字，應該用大眾皆易懂的語言。如用bid 取代 attempt:Taiwan’s WHO entry bid. 用 juice，不用electricity：According to Taipower, the juice will be back in 3 hours. 用 woe 取代trouble：economic woes, water woes. Interpellation 可以用question and answer period，甚至 q and a 來取代：During the q and a, the Premier promised to crack down on corruption.
1.由簡入繁：ICRT新聞大致可分國際新聞、國內新聞、經濟新聞、體育新聞，及氣象。對初學者來說，我建議從國內新聞聽起，因為一般說來，聽者對國內新聞的背景比較瞭解，聽起來比較 “順”，同時學到的單字也比較實用，可用在日常生活當中。
A Taichung police officer has been killed in a shootout during an attempt to make an arrest. After receiving a tip on the whereabouts of a known gunman Cheng Chi-ping, the seven-man Taichung Youth Corps Police closed in. After surrounding Cheng’s hideout, police identified themselves. Cheng then opened fire. In the shootout that followed, one officer, Chan Chi-sen, was killed and another, Tseng Chiang-ien, was wounded. Gunman Cheng Chi-ping was found dead on the scene by the police.
2.顧後不瞻前：許多人聽外語常犯的錯誤是只顧揣摩剛剛聽到的是什麼，而忽略了去揣摩說話者將會說什麼。這種現象在一般日常生活的對話中，由於頓挫支吾佔了許多時間，不會產生太大困擾。可是在新聞廣播中，播音員一開口便成串的字流瀉而出，聽者如果還是忙著揣摩所聽到的訊息，不去預測未來的訊息，那只有永遠辛苦的跟著播報員後頭追得非常辛苦，甚至為了顧前而丟了後，結果前後都沒有聽懂。為了避免這種窘像，便要學會如何猜測說話者將要說什麼。新聞體的文章都與何人、何時、何事、何地、為何、如何有關，而前第一句的導言會把重要的訊息傳達出來，之後的報導，朝”六何”的方向猜大致不差。以上面這則新聞為例，聽了第一句 A Taichung police officer has been killed in a shootout during an attempt to make an arrest之後，聽者對整則新聞已有大略的印象，後邊的報導只是比較詳盡的敘述，回答何人、何時、何事、何地、為何、如何等問題。這類新聞聽起來輕鬆許多，這也是聽國內新聞比較容易的原因之一。
In an article entitled “On Local Petrochemical Firms’ Leaving Roots in Taiwan,” Wang said the best bet for Taiwan’s up-and-down-stream petrochemical plants is to facilitate closer cooperation and an exclusive zone in Mainland China.
Adding to the blanket of smog smoldering the capital, the startup of the Christmas holidays has caused traffic jams and brought greater volumes of toxic emissions.
preserve
Preserve 的意思較為狹窄，指的是「保持事物現狀，不使衰敗」，使東西完好無損保留下來收藏。
(1).長期保存食物。
(2).保護古蹟ˋ傳統等，使其不致遭受破壞或喪失。
聯想助記：
pre(在前面)+serve(保存)—預先保存起來(現在不用)以備後用。
例句：
The ship is equipped with special refrigerating devices to preserve food for the whole voyage.
(船上設有特殊冷藏設備，在整個航程中保存食物。)
It was proposed that the house be preserved as it had been when Lu Xun lived in it.
(人們建議把這房子按照魯迅當年居住時的原樣保護起來。)
It's amazing that the church is still well preserved.
(那教堂還能保存完好真是神奇。)
Before the invention of the refrigerator, salt was widely used to preserve food.
(電冰箱發明之前，食物很多都用鹽保存。)
conserve
Conserve不只是保存，還有「孕育」的意思，指通過有準備、有計劃的、明智的方法來保護事物處於安全；另指節儉、節省，防止不必要的浪費。
(1).保護大自然環境，包含水土ˋ野生動植物及其他天然資源。
(2).節約使用水電能源。
聯想助記：
con(共同)+serve(保存)—大家共同(想辦法)保護。
例句：
He is conserving his energy for the last twenty-meter dash.
(他正在為最後20米衝刺保存實力。)
We must conserve our forests if we are to make sure of a future supply of wood.
(如果我們想確保未來的木材供應，就必須保護森林。)
New laws have been made to conserve woodlands and wildlife in this area.
(新法律已制定來保育本區的林地及野生動物。)
They are drawing up a plan to conserve the country's natural resources (他們正擬定計劃，保護國家的天然資源。)
What is the government doing for the conservation of wildlife?
(政府在野生動植物保育上有什麼行動？)
ps.「環境保護」譯做 environmental conservation 和 environmental preservation 都可以。不過，兩字含義有點不同。有時你會看到 conservation of art works / ancient buildings / historic sites （保護藝術品/古老建築/古蹟）等說法，那 conservation 文法上可改為 preservation ，但 preservation 只是指保存的工作，沒有 conservation 「為後代保存」的意思。
參考來源：
http://newedubig5.jxnews.com.cn/system/2007/02/07/002426907_04.shtml
http://bbs.koolearn.com/t_3852426_0.html
http://blog.yam.com/yagamisince2006/article/9143365
http://www.eng.fju.edu.tw/etc/quiz/common%20files/R.htm
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